Non - Primitive Datatypes

Wrapper Class 

👉 Program 1

class wrap
{
public static void main(String wrp[])
{
//primitive declaration
int p = 100;
System.out.println("primitive datatype = "  +p);

//non-primitive declaration
Integer h = new Integer(100);
System.out.println("non-primitive datatype = "  +h
);

Double d = new Double(2.1756);
System.out.println("non-primitive datatype = "  +d);

Character c = new Character('K');
System.out.println("non-primitive datatype = "  +c);

}


}

Output 

Variables and Datatypes

■Write a program to print the values of a variables declared 

    using primitive datatypes:

üboolean

übyte

üshort

üint

ülong

üchar

üfloat

üdouble

Sol.   

 class datatype

{

public static void main(String data[])

{

//primitive datatypes

boolean a = false;

System.out.println("boolean is"+a+"by default");

//here + means concatenation

//byte datatype

byte b = 2;

System.out.println("byte is" +b);

//short datatype

short s = 20;

System.out.println("short is" +s);

//int datatype

int i = 200;

System.out.println("integer is" +i);

//long datatype

long l = 2000;

System.out.println("long is" +l);

//char datatype

char ch = 'A';

//char always declared in single quotes

System.out.println("char is" +ch);

//float datatype

float f = 2000000000f;

//0f means representing float numbers

System.out.println("float is" +f);

//double datatype

double d= 2000000000d;

//0d means representing double numbers

System.out.println("double is" +d);

}

}

Output:

JAVA PROGRAMS

👉 Program below shows the basic difference between Post/Pre increment and decrement :

class unoperator

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

int a = 20;

System.out.println(a++);

System.out.println(a--);

System.out.println(++a);

System.out.println(--a);

}

}

OUTPUT 

Explanation:

The number which we have : 20

now...

                  

                                    (a++) time                                         (a--) time

21 only  in a memory not displaying the output 21 →→→ Now we have 21 that is 

updated value in a memory so it will print 21 and →→ in a memory decrements the number from 21 

                               (++a) time

to 20 →→→Now we have 20 in a memory so it will increment the value and then print the

 incremented value →→from 20 after increment it will print 21 and store this number in a memory  

                                        (--a) time

→→→Now we have 21 in a memory so it will decrement the value and then print the decremented

 value →→from 21 after decrement it will print 20 and store this number in a memory .

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

       LOGICAL CLOCKS

 Wireless Telecommunication Network-Gi Fi

The computer networks are the core of modern communication. All aspects of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) are control by computer. Telephony runs over the Internet Protocol. The scope of communication has increased significantly in the past decade [1]. This boom in communications would not have been possible without the progressively advancing computer network. Computer networks, and the technologies that make communication between networked computers possible, continue to drive computer hardware, software, and peripherals industries. The expansion of related industries is mirrored by growth in the numbers and types of people using networks, from the researcher to the home user. A wireless network is any type of computer network that uses wireless data connections for connecting network nodes. Wireless networking is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level of the OSI model network structure. Wireless is a more modern alternative to traditional wired networking that relies on cables to connect networkable devices together. Wireless technologies are widely used in both home and business computer networks. Various examples of wireless networks include cell phone networks, Wi-Fi local networks and terrestrial microwave networks. In this topic I introduced wireless telecommunication network “GiFi”. It will allow wireless transfer of audio and video data at up to 5 gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at one-tenth the cost.

Keywords – wireless, computer, PSTN, GiFi, bandwidth, IEEE 802.15.3C.

I.  INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the wireless technology has changed very fast. The main reason behind this is the need for better bandwidth and data rates.

GiFi or Gigabit Wireless is the world's first transceiver integrated on a single chip that operates at 60GHz on the CMOS process.

GiFi allows wireless transfer of audio and   video data up to 5 gigabits per second.

GiFi is ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate usually within a range of 10 meters.

It transmits multiple signals simultaneously across the wireless transmission paths within separate frequencies to avoid interference.

A. NEED OF GIFI TECHNOLOGY

• Slow data transfer rate of Wi-Fi Technology
• High power consumption of Wi-Fi Technology
• Low range of frequency operation in existing Wi-Fi Technology.

B. WORKING OF GIFI TECHNOLOGY:

Time division duplex is implemented for both transmission and receiving. Data files are exchanged by converting IF range to RF60Ghz range using two mixers. This Signal will fed to power amplifier, which feeds millimeter wave antenna.

The incoming RF signal[7] is first down converted to an IF  signal centered at 5 GHz and then to normal data ranges, here heterodyne construction is used for this process to avoid leakages due to direct conversion. Due to availability of 7 GHz spectrum, the total data will be transferred within seconds

When it transfers the data over short distance like Bluetooth, it uses 5mm Squire Chip and 1mm wide antenna and consumes only 2mwatts of power.

  

II. NETWORK EVOLUTION

Figure: Network Evolution

III. ARCHITECTURE

It has one subscriber station available to several access points. It has IEEE 802.15.3C [2] standard that support millimeter wave wireless pan networks. This PAN network [6] is used for the communication among computer devices. This subscriber station has small antenna mounted on roof supporting Light of Sight operation. To avoid interference, it transmits multiple signals across transmission path. It transmits these signals simultaneously having separate frequencies.

IV. FUNDAMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES IN 802.15.3C

• It transmits multiple signals simultaneously across the wireless transmission paths within separate frequencies to avoid interference. It uses ultra wide band which consists of:
• High bit rate[3]
• High security
• Faster data transmission

IV. FEATURES:

It has solution for the problems present in Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. There are some features of GiFi that make its standard. The following features are as follows: 

• Better Transfer Rates: This technology provides data transfer rates of Gigabits per second (5Gbps) which is 10 times of present data transfer rates. With this speed, we can transfer HD video, audio files in seconds rather than time taken by other technologies.
• Low Power Consumption: very low power consumption of 2mwatts in comparison to present technologies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMax that uses 5mwatts to 10mwatt power.
• Security and Cost Effective: Its IEEE 802.15.3C standard provides great security with link level and service level security. About its cost, it uses low-cost as mass-production of chipsets.
• Size and Coverage: it uses 5mm Square Chip and 1mm wide antenna. That is too small and can be integrated in mobile devices. Thus it provides highly portable, high mobility and better coverage area.

   

V.  COMPARISON BETWEEN BLUETOOTH, WI-FI &GiFi

   VI. APPLICATIONS OF GiFi:

• GiFi Access Devices
• Broadcasting Video Signal Transmission System in Sports Stadium[5]
• Office Appliances
• Video Information Transfer
• Inter Vehicle Communication System

 VII. ADVANTAGES

• Data transfer rate is higher (5 gbps)
• Power consumption is lower than Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
• Frequency operation range is high (60 GHz)
• This technology is Compatible with IEEE 802.1.15.3c.

VIII. CONCLUSION

GiFi provides better transfer rates and consumes less power. Its antenna is very small in size so can be implementing in mobile devices. With GiFi, the audio and video can be transfer within seconds. With its IEEE 802.15.3C standard, the link level and service level security can be provided. It uses millimeter wave wireless pan networks that implement the communication among Computer devices. . The comparison that is performed between GiFi and existing wireless technologies in this paper shows that these features along with some other benefits such as Low-cost chip, No Frequency Interference, Low Power Consumption and High Security that are explained in detail in this paper, makes it suitable to replace the existing wireless technologies for data transmission between devices that are placed in the short distances from each other.

REFERENCES:

[1]          http://www.wikipedia.com/

[2]          Zhanping Yin and Victor C.M. Leung Electrical and Computer Engineering University of British Columbia E-mail: {zhanping; vleung}@ece.ubc.ca

[3]          http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate

[4]          LOUTFI NUAYMI, WiMAX technology Broadband wireless access

[5]          Jesus Martinez, Barbero Eugenio. Santos Menéndez, Abraham Gutierrez Rodríguez, Data Transmission for Major Sporting Events on MPEG-2

[6]          http://freewimaxinfo.com/personal-area-network-pan.html

[7]          http://wireless.ictp.trieste.it/school_2004/lectures/macro/RF_Basics.pdf

             Binary to ASCII Code Conversion

Binary :

• A Binary number is a number system with only  two digits that is :  0's and 1's . 
• These type of numbers having the base 2 .

For Example :

                                         

                                                                        Table 1

ASCII :

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.Computers can only understand binary  numbers, so an ASCII code is the numerical representation of a character such as 'a' or '@' or an action of some sort.

Characters represented in a ASCII Code:

• The basic ASCII set uses 7 bits for each character, giving it a total of 128 unique symbols. 
• The extended ASCII character set uses 8 bits, which gives it an additional 128 characters. 
• The extra characters represent characters from foreign languages and special symbols for drawing pictures.

ASCII Chart:

Table 2

Steps to Convert Binary Number to ASCII Number

1. Convert  every four Binary Digits to Hexadecimal Numbers

                                                                            Table 3

Example:  0100101101010000

                       

                           0100  1011  0101  0000

                               4        B         5         0

                               

2. Split the string of Hexadecimal digits into set of 2 digits

•  When we are converting number into ASCII then every two hexadecimal digits makes a  Character.
•  If your Hexadecimal string contains more than two digits than split the digits in the  pair of two hex digits 
•  If in a string you have even numbers of digits then there is no need to add 0 in front of  the string. 

       In the above example we already have 2 hexadecimal digits i.e. 

         4 B   5 0

3. Now , in this step convert this hexadecimal digits to Decimal number

•  For converting hex digits to decimal digits then simply multiply each digit with 16 and  then add second digit with that digit and so on. 
• The number which you are multiplying that number should be in decimal form if that number is in hexadecimal character then write its decimal equivalent then multiply it.  
• The number 16 which you are multiplying having the power 0 from the Right side of the first digit  and power increases  as we go on multiplying digits from Right to left

     4 =  Remains 4 

     B = From table 3 , we write 11 because in hexadecimal (B = 11)

     5 = Remains 5

     0 = Remains 0

     now , multiply these numbers with 16 and add them

   

      4*16^1 + 11*16^0 =>  75        5*16^1 + 0*16^0  => 80

4. After converting Hex digit into decimal number convert this number into ASCII code

  ( See table 2 , in that table your UPPERCASE letters starts from 65 and LOWERCASE               letters from 97 )

What to do now?

We know that uppercase letters starts from (65 = A) to (90 = Z)

And , lowercase letters starts from (97= a) to (122 = z)

so , the above example we have decimal digits as

75 = K 

80 = P 

RESULT = Binary :  0100101101010000  converted to ASCII : KP